Ankle sprains are described as tears in the ligaments that secure the ankle joint in place. The ankle joint is comprised of the tibia, fibula, talus and several ligaments that hold the bones of the ankle in place.
The severity of a sprain depends on the ligaments that are damaged and how badly they were stretched or torn. Based on the severity, the doctor will classify ankle sprains as:
- 1st degree (mild)
- 2nd degree (moderate-severe)
- 3rd degree (very severe)
Most cases of ankle sprains are mild. The sprains typically occur once the foot turns inwards which causes the sole of the foot to face the other foot (inversion). This injury can damage the ligaments on the exterior of the ankle. Inversion can occur while walking on uneven ground especially when stepping on a stone or off the perimeters of a curb.
Even though uncommon, the ankle is sprained if the foot turns out (eversion). There are certain conditions that causes the foot to turn out and increase the risk for a sprain such as:
- Previous sprain that loosens up the ankle ligaments
- Weakened leg muscles or nerve damage in the legs
- Using certain types of shoes such as spiked heels
Indications of ankle sprains
Generally, the area over the damaged ligament is swollen and painful. The severity of the symptoms depends on the severity of the tear.
Mild
The ligaments stretch and tear but small in size that they can be seen only with a microscope. The ankle does not hurt or swell but weakened and likely to be injured again. The recovery might take hours to days.
Moderate-severe
The ligaments are partially torn while the ankle is often swollen and bruised. Walking is painful and difficult. The healing process takes days up to weeks. If a sprain recurs, the nerves might be damaged.
Very severe
The ligaments are completely torn while the ankle might be swollen and bruised as well as unstable and the individual could not place any weight on it.
The healing process takes 6-8 weeks. If activity is resumed early, it increases the risk for future injuries and the ankle will not heal properly. There is a high risk for nerve damage to occur. In severe cases, the cartilage at the ends of the bones might end up damaged. This can result to lasting pain, swelling and occasional issues with walking.
Management
The treatment for ankle sprains involves rest, ice, compression and elevation (RICE method) along with acetaminophen to control the pain. The affected ankle is also supported using an elastic bandage such as a splint, specially-designed boot or a cast depending on the severity of the sprain.