Lymphatic filariasis is an infectious, parasitic condition brought about by nematodes. The condition is triggered by the presence of thread-like worms or filariae in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. The lymphatic channels drain out the excess fluid and has a role in the immune system.
It is important to note that lymphatic filariasis is spread by mosquitoes. A blood meal from an infected individual is injected into a healthy individual.
Indications of lymphatic filariasis
Generally, lymphatic filariasis will not cause any clinical symptoms. Most individuals are not even aware they have it. A small percentage of cases include lymphedema or swelling that arises years after the initial infection.
The distinctive swelling can arise in the legs, arms and chest but also in the genital areas where it can be quite painful. If not treated, the condition can progress into hardening and scarring of the tissues in the legs which is called elephantiasis. This condition is brought about by the buildup of lymph fluid and the disrupted ability of the lymph to fight off infections.
What are the causes?
Mosquitoes transmit the parasites from one individual to another, depositing the larvae via the skin from a bite. The larvae enter the lymphatic system and grow into worms over time, usually in 6-12 months.
Take note that these worms thrive in the host for several years in which millions of immature microfilariae circulate in the blood. If the infected individual is bit by a mosquito, it will carry the filariae to another host and continue the infection cycle.
Risk factors
Various factors can heighten the risk for developing lymphatic filariasis such as:
- Residing in tropical or sub-tropical areas where the condition is endemic
- Travelling in affected areas but short-term travelers are at lower risk
Management
The treatment for lymphatic filariasis depends if the infection is active or has progressed to complications.
When it comes to active infections, diethylcarbamazine is the ideal medication of choice which effectively eliminates the microfilariae.